Heat & Thermodynamics — three ways to learn it.

The complete written lesson — heat vs temperature vs internal energy, the three thermometric scales, thermal expansion of rails & bridges, the kinetic theory of gases and the gas laws, specific & latent heat with the heating curve, and the first & second laws of thermodynamics with heat engines — all with worked numericals.

As you scroll, a live panel animates every idea: molecules jiggle faster as a thermometer climbs, three scales read the same hotness, a rail grows across its expansion gap, gas molecules hammer a piston for Boyle's law, the heating curve of ice draws itself, and a heat engine shows its energy flow with a live efficiency readout.

Hands-on apparatus on a safe, virtual bench — thermometers, calorimeters and all of the course's physics apparatus live here.